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A torque converter in modern usage, is usually a fluid coupling which is utilized so as to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for example an internal combustion engine or an electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. Same as a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a considerable difference between input and output rotational speed.
The fluid coupling kind is actually the most popular kind of torque converter utilized in auto transmissions. In the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or likewise called Constantinesco converter. There are different mechanical designs for continuously changeable transmissions that could multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is one kind that has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive that could not multiply torque. A torque converter has an added part that is the stator. This changes the drive's characteristics during occasions of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
Within a torque converter, there are at least of three rotating parts: the turbine, so as to drive the load, the impeller that is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whichever condition and this is where the word stator begins from. In truth, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
Adjustments to the basic three element design have been integrated at times. These alterations have proven worthy specially in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is considered necessary. More often than not, these modifications have taken the form of several stators and turbines. Each set has been meant to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various examples comprise the Dynaflow that makes use of a five element converter so as to produce the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Various automobile converters comprise a lock-up clutch in order to reduce heat and to enhance the cruising power and transmission effectiveness, although it is not strictly part of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.
